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9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key

Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. Many aerobically respiring bacteria, including E. coli, switch to using nitrate as a final electron acceptor and producing nitrite when oxygen levels have been depleted. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration could produce 38 ATP molecules. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell.

9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Figures

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. Citric Acid Production Once pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose. Everything you want to read. The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration. Do both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain? Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key quiz. The energy of the electrons is harvested to generate an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Equation for Cellular Respiration.

Because the ions involved are H+, a pH gradient is also established, with the side of the membrane having the higher concentration of H+ being more acidic. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Energy Extraction Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key figures. 16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. There are many types of anaerobic respiration found in bacteria and archaea. Directions: Watch Glycolysis: An Overview to see how glucose is broken down during the process of glycolysis. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA.

Learning Objectives. Food serves as your source of energy. These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. I also think that even if you don't use fill-in-the. But how does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for your cells? 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key book. The cell lacks a sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. There are many circumstances under which aerobic respiration is not possible, including any one or more of the following: - The cell lacks genes encoding an appropriate cytochrome oxidase for transferring electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport system. When you eat, your body digests the food into smaller chemical compounds like sugars (glucose), fats, and proteins. There is an uneven distribution of H+ across the membrane that establishes an electrochemical gradient because H+ ions are positively charged (electrical) and there is a higher concentration (chemical) on one side of the membrane. The four major classes of electron carriers involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic electron transport systems are the cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and the quinones. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor.

9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Book

Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process called oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during cellular respiration. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8.

Electron Transport System. One molecule of CO2 is also produced. Glycolysis Glycolysis - first stage of cellular respiration. Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. It's actually quite amazing. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. Cellular respiration begins when electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2—made in glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle—through a series of chemical reactions to a final inorganic electron acceptor (either oxygen in aerobic respiration or non-oxygen inorganic molecules in anaerobic respiration). Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed.

By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Compare and contrast the electron transport system location and function in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. These carriers can pass electrons along in the ETS because of their redox potential. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules. In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. The answer is cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration Overview. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style.

9.2 The Process Of Cellular Respiration Answer Key Quiz

Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. When you are hungry, how do you feel? Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation.

Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. Chemiosmosis, Proton Motive Force, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. These ATP molecules come from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. All in all, the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane. A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact! Can be used with Cornell notes.

You're Reading a Free Preview. In prokaryotic cells, H+ flows from the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, whereas in eukaryotic mitochondria, H+ flows from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Directions: Watch The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview to see how pyruvate is broken down during the citric acid cycle. Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. ATP synthase (like a combination of the intake and generator of a hydroelectric dam) is a complex protein that acts as a tiny generator, turning by the force of the H+ diffusing through the enzyme, down their electrochemical gradient from where there are many mutually repelling H+ to where there are fewer H+. The number of ATP molecules generated from the catabolism of glucose varies. If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration.

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