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The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword Puzzles

This produces a heat bonus of perhaps 30 percent beyond the heat provided by direct sunlight to these seas, accounting for the mild winters downwind, in northern Europe. Paleoclimatic records reveal that any notion we may once have had that the climate will remain the same unless pollution changes it is wishful thinking. I hope never to see a failure of the northernmost loop of the North Atlantic Current, because the result would be a population crash that would take much of civilization with it, all within a decade. We might create a rain shadow, seeding clouds so that they dropped their unsalted water well upwind of a given year's critical flushing sites—a strategy that might be particularly important in view of the increased rainfall expected from global warming. In the Labrador Sea, flushing failed during the 1970s, was strong again by 1990, and is now declining. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword answers. It keeps northern Europe about nine to eighteen degrees warmer in the winter than comparable latitudes elsewhere—except when it fails.

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The last time an abrupt cooling occurred was in the midst of global warming. Sudden onset, sudden recovery—this is why I use the word "flip-flop" to describe these climate changes. Now only Greenland's ice remains, but the abrupt cooling in the last warm period shows that a flip can occur in situations much like the present one. Sometimes they sink to considerable depths without mixing. These northern ice sheets were as high as Greenland's mountains, obstacles sufficient to force the jet stream to make a detour. It's also clear that sufficient global warming could trigger an abrupt cooling in at least two ways—by increasing high-latitude rainfall or by melting Greenland's ice, both of which could put enough fresh water into the ocean surface to suppress flushing. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword answer. The Atlantic would be even saltier if it didn't mix with the Pacific, in long, loopy currents. For a quarter century global-warming theorists have predicted that climate creep is going to occur and that we need to prevent greenhouse gases from warming things up, thereby raising the sea level, destroying habitats, intensifying storms, and forcing agricultural rearrangements. There are a few obvious precursors to flushing failure. Three scenarios for the next climatic phase might be called population crash, cheap fix, and muddling through. Large-scale flushing at both those sites is certainly a highly variable process, and perhaps a somewhat fragile one as well.

The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword

Plummeting crop yields would cause some powerful countries to try to take over their neighbors or distant lands—if only because their armies, unpaid and lacking food, would go marauding, both at home and across the borders. The dam, known as the Isthmus of Panama, may have been what caused the ice ages to begin a short time later, simply because of the forced detour. When the warm currents penetrate farther than usual into the northern seas, they help to melt the sea ice that is reflecting a lot of sunlight back into space, and so the earth becomes warmer. To the long list of predicted consequences of global warming—stronger storms, methane release, habitat changes, ice-sheet melting, rising seas, stronger El Niños, killer heat waves—we must now add an abrupt, catastrophic cooling. The job is done by warm water flowing north from the tropics, as the eastbound Gulf Stream merges into the North Atlantic Current. From there it was carried northward by the warm Norwegian Current, whereupon some of it swung west again to arrive off Greenland's east coast—where it had started its inch-per-second journey. Subarctic ocean currents were reaching the southern California coastline, and Santa Barbara must have been as cold as Juneau is now. What could possibly halt the salt-conveyor belt that brings tropical heat so much farther north and limits the formation of ice sheets? Oceans are not well mixed at any time. The sheet in 3 sheets to the wind crossword. The only reason that two percent of our population can feed the other 98 percent is that we have a well-developed system of transportation and middlemen—but it is not very robust. Indeed, we've had an unprecedented period of climate stability. Natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes are less troubling than abrupt coolings for two reasons: they're short (the recovery period starts the next day) and they're local or regional (unaffected citizens can help the overwhelmed). Water is densest at about 39°F (a typical refrigerator setting—anything that you take out of the refrigerator, whether you place it on the kitchen counter or move it to the freezer, is going to expand a little).

The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword Answers

This El Niño-like shift in the atmospheric-circulation pattern over the North Atlantic, from the Azores to Greenland, often lasts a decade. Its snout ran into the opposite side, blocking the fjord with an ice dam. Greenland's east coast has a profusion of fjords between 70°N and 80°N, including one that is the world's biggest. It's the high state that's good, and we may need to help prevent any sudden transition to the cold low state. Implementing it might cost no more, in relative terms, than building a medieval cathedral. Abortive responses and rapid chattering between modes are common problems in nonlinear systems with not quite enough oomph—the reason that old fluorescent lights flicker. We may not have centuries to spare, but any economy in which two percent of the population produces all the food, as is the case in the United States today, has lots of resources and many options for reordering priorities. We might undertake to regulate the Mediterranean's salty outflow, which is also thought to disrupt the North Atlantic Current. "Southerly" Rome lies near the same latitude, 42°N, as "northerly" Chicago—and the most northerly major city in Asia is Beijing, near 40°. It has been called the Nordic Seas heat pump. Further investigation might lead to revisions in such mechanistic explanations, but the result of adding fresh water to the ocean surface is pretty standard physics. Instead we would try one thing after another, creating a patchwork of solutions that might hold for another few decades, allowing the search for a better stabilizing mechanism to continue. That's because water density changes with temperature. An abrupt cooling got started 8, 200 years ago, but it aborted within a century, and the temperature changes since then have been gradual in comparison.

The Sheet In 3 Sheets To The Wind Crossword Answer

Surprisingly, it may prove possible to prevent flip-flops in the climate—even by means of low-tech schemes. This scenario does not require that the shortsighted be in charge, only that they have enough influence to put the relevant science agencies on starvation budgets and to send recommendations back for yet another commission report due five years hence. Or divert eastern-Greenland meltwater to the less sensitive north and west coasts. So could ice carried south out of the Arctic Ocean. By 1961 the oceanographer Henry Stommel, of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts, was beginning to worry that these warming currents might stop flowing if too much fresh water was added to the surface of the northern seas. The last abrupt cooling, the Younger Dryas, drastically altered Europe's climate as far east as Ukraine. And it sometimes changes its route dramatically, much as a bus route can be truncated into a shorter loop. Glaciers pushing out into the ocean usually break off in chunks. Things had been warming up, and half the ice sheets covering Europe and Canada had already melted. Any meltwater coming in behind the dam stayed there. Perish for that reason. We can design for that in computer models of climate, just as architects design earthquake-resistant skyscrapers. Of particular importance are combinations of climate variations—this winter, for example, we are experiencing both an El Niño and a North Atlantic Oscillation—because such combinations can add up to much more than the sum of their parts. Though some abrupt coolings are likely to have been associated with events in the Canadian ice sheet, the abrupt cooling in the previous warm period, 122, 000 years ago, which has now been detected even in the tropics, shows that flips are not restricted to icy periods; they can also interrupt warm periods like the present one.

Eventually that helps to melt ice sheets elsewhere. Computer models might not yet be able to predict what will happen if we tamper with downwelling sites, but this problem doesn't seem insoluble. We have to discover what has made the climate of the past 8, 000 years relatively stable, and then figure out how to prop it up. But we may be able to do something to delay an abrupt cooling. Present-day Europe has more than 650 million people. Water falling as snow on Greenland carries an isotopic "fingerprint" of what the temperature was like en route. Flying above the clouds often presents an interesting picture when there are mountains below. Obviously, local failures can occur without catastrophe—it's a question of how often and how widespread the failures are—but the present state of decline is not very reassuring. Another precursor is more floating ice than usual, which reduces the amount of ocean surface exposed to the winds, in turn reducing evaporation. Fortunately, big parallel computers have proved useful for both global climate modeling and detailed modeling of ocean circulation. That increased quantities of greenhouse gases will lead to global warming is as solid a scientific prediction as can be found, but other things influence climate too, and some people try to escape confronting the consequences of our pumping more and more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by supposing that something will come along miraculously to counteract them.

We need more well-trained people, bigger computers, more coring of the ocean floor and silted-up lakes, more ships to drag instrument packages through the depths, more instrumented buoys to study critical sites in detail, more satellites measuring regional variations in the sea surface, and perhaps some small-scale trial runs of interventions. Counting those tree-ring-like layers in the ice cores shows that cooling came on as quickly as droughts. This salty waterfall is more like thirty Amazon Rivers combined. These carry the North Atlantic's excess salt southward from the bottom of the Atlantic, around the tip of Africa, through the Indian Ocean, and up around the Pacific Ocean.

Thu, 16 May 2024 07:56:57 +0000