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Cellular Respiration Overview. If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. Citric Acid Production Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce citric acid. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. Energy Extraction Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key solution. Energy Totals The cell can generate ATP from just about any source, even though we've modeled it using only glucose.

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Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Along the way, ATP (energy for cells) is produced. Glycolysis Glycolysis - first stage of cellular respiration. 2 The Process of Cellular Respiration.

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It's actually quite amazing. This electrochemical gradient formed by the accumulation of H+ (also known as a proton) on one side of the membrane compared with the other is referred to as the proton motive force (PMF). 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key answer. With each rotation, the ATP synthase attaches a phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. A large amount of ATP is generated during this stage — 32 ATP molecules to be exact! In aerobic respiration in mitochondria, the passage of electrons from one molecule of NADH generates enough proton motive force to make three ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the passage of electrons from one molecule of FADH2 generates enough proton motive force to make only two ATP molecules.

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Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. When you are hungry, how do you feel? Cellular respiration is often expressed as a chemical equation: This equation shows that during cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Biology 2010 Student Edition Chapter 9, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - 9.2 - The Process of Cellular Respiration - 9.2 Assessment - Page 260 4a | GradeSaver. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. Directions: Watch the video Energy Consumption: An Overview for a look at the different cellular processes responsible for generating and consuming energy. Thus, the 10 NADH molecules made per glucose during glycolysis, the transition reaction, and the Krebs cycle carry enough energy to make 30 ATP molecules, whereas the two FADH2 molecules made per glucose during these processes provide enough energy to make four ATP molecules.

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Great for middle school or introductory high school courses. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water. There are many types of anaerobic respiration found in bacteria and archaea. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which becomes a reactant in the Krebs cycle. 16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key test. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle.

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Can be used with Cornell notes. Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. Everything you want to read. Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain. Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process called oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during cellular respiration. One molecule of CO2 is also produced. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. Watch for a general overview. Learning Objectives. Electron Transport Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space.

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What are the functions of the proton motive force? There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). The number of ATP molecules generated from the catabolism of glucose varies. Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next. Glycolysis is the first set of reactions that occur during cellular respiration. ATP is a source of usable energy for cells and is the key energy molecule for all biological organisms. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. The Advantages of Glycolysis Glycolysis produces ATP very fast, which is an advantage when the energy demands of the cell suddenly increase. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

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These notes include Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Anaerobic Respiration. Simple and easy to use. The cell lacks genes encoding enzymes to minimize the severely damaging effects of dangerous oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide. Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: All in all, the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose yields 36 molecules of ATP. Food serves as your source of energy. Therefore, electrons move from electron carriers with more negative redox potential to those with more positive redox potential.

Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration. For example, the number of hydrogen ions that the electron transport system complexes can pump through the membrane varies between different species of organisms. In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. Reward Your Curiosity. The remaining 64 percent is released as heat. Microbes using anaerobic respiration commonly have an intact Krebs cycle, so these organisms can access the energy of the NADH and FADH2 molecules formed. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses.

The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. Overall, 2 molecules of ATP are produced. If you like this these notes, you can follow these lin. The turning of the parts of this molecular machine regenerates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by oxidative phosphorylation, a second mechanism for making ATP that harvests the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient. At this point, try not to worry about the names of compounds or the details of the processes shown. I also think that even if you don't use fill-in-the.

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